气候变暖存在明显的昼夜不对称性,夜间增温显著高于白天。设计可靠的田间增温设施,研究作物系统对夜间增温的响应与适应意义显著。参考国际相关增温系统,于2006—2009年在江苏南京设计并运行了我国首个农田开放式夜间增温系统(FATI,Free Air Temperature Increased),对稻麦进行夜间主动增温试验,监测系统温度、麦田土壤水分和作物生育进程和产量,以评价该系统的可行性和对稻麦的增温效果。结果表明,该系统有效且均匀的增温范围为4m2,增温效果明显。在测试用人工草坪上,晴天、阴天和雨天3种天气情况下,该系统4m2有效增温范围内地表的夜温平均升高2.4℃、2.3℃和2.1℃。在草坪的垂直层面上,该系统可以使距地下5cm、地表、地上40cm和90cm4个层次的夜温平均分别升高1.2℃、2.2℃、0.7℃和2.3℃。在稻麦两熟农田中,稻季全生育期地下5cm、地表、植株中部和冠层的夜温平均分别升高0.7℃、0.6℃、1.0℃和1.6℃,麦季相应层次可升高1.2℃、1.5℃、1.8℃和1.9℃。在稻麦全生育期内,增温小区各层温度的变化动态与未增温区的一致。另外,该系统未改变麦田耕层土壤水分分布特征,尽管耕层土壤含水量略有降低,0～25cm内各层土壤含水量的降幅均在0.99～1.62个百分点以内,与未增温区差异不显著。夜间增温可以显著缩短作物前期生育期,使稻麦始穗期分别提早2.5d和11.5d;同时,夜间增温使水稻平均减产4.51%,但小麦增产18.30%。尽管在作物的不同生育期,该设施的增温幅度有所差异,但这与田间实际情况下不同季节气候变暖幅度不同之特征一致。因此,该开放式夜间增温系统符合气候变暖的温度变化特征,可以满足水稻和小麦所代表的典型作物系统对夜间增温的响应与适应的试验要求。
The impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China were evaluated for two cultivars, II You 128, an indica rice, and Wuyunjing 7, a japonica rice. Warming by 3.0 °C stimulated the nighttime respiration rate and decreased the photosynthesis rate, resulting in significant decreases of 21.2% and 24.9% in aboveground biomass accumulation for II You 128 and Wuyunjing 7, respectively. Warming significantly reduced the rates of seed setting and grain filling, especially of inferior kernels(those lower in panicles), while the filling rate of superior kernels remained almost unchanged. As a result, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were respectively 3.7% and 30.0% lower for II You 128 and 12.8% and 34.3% for Wuyunjing 7 in warmed plots than in the unwarmed control. Nighttime warming also significantly reduced the grain milling and appearance quality of both varieties. More negative effects of warming on inferior than on superior kernels were found. The above results have important implications for rice variety cultivation in East China.
