The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit ATd in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and ATd are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation. Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud are simulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated mean δ18O and the mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa is obtained, showing that the oxygen stable isotope in condensate of cloud experiences a temperature effect. Such a result is markedly different from the amount effect at the ground. Based on the simulations of seasonal variations of δ18O in falling raindrops, it can be found that, in the dry season from November to April, the increasing trend with falling distance of δ18O in falling raindrops corresponds remarkably to the great △Td, showing a strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops; however, in the wet season from May to October, the δ18O in falling raindrops displays an unapparent increase corresponding to the small △Td, except in May. By comparing the simulated mean δ18O at the ground with the actual monthly δ18O in precipitation, we see distinctly that the two monthly δ18O variations agree very well. On average, the δ18O values are relatively lower because of the highly moist air, heavy rainfall, small ATd and weak evaporati
The introduced mathematical model takes into account the role of the kinetic fractionation effect in a supersaturation environment at the ice surface as liquid and solid phases coexist in mixed cloud. Using the model, the temperature effect of stable isotopes in precipitation is simulated under different cooling conditions. The rate of change of δ18O against temperature in the process of wet adiabatic cooling is smaller than in the process of isobaric cooling under the same humidity. The increasing supersaturation ratio at the ice surface, Si, leads to the strengthening of the kinetic fractionation effect. The kinetic fractionation function makes the synthesis fractionation factor decreased and the change of δ18O with temperature flatted, compared with that in the equilibrium state. The simulated results show that the slope parameter b and the intercept d of the meteoric water line (MWL), 6D = bδ18O+d, in wet adiabatic cooling are both greater than those in isobaric cooling. The global MWL lies between the two MWLs simulated under wet adiabatic and isobaric cooling processes, respectively. The magnitudes of 6 and d are directly proportional to Si. The greater the Si, the stronger the kinetic fractionation effect, and thus the greater the 6 and d, and vice versa. However, 6 and d have low sensitivity to the liquid-water contents in the cloud. Using the kinetic fractionation model, the variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at Uriimqi is simulated. The simulated stable isotopic ratio vs temperature and the SD vs δ18O curves are very consistent with the actual regressions and MWL at Uriimqi, respectively.
利用2001年青藏高原及周边地区的地基GPS观测资料、M O DIS卫星遥感资料和N CEP格点再分析资料分析了青藏高原及周边地区大气水汽分布及其变化特征。研究结果表明,青藏高原东南部地区大气总水汽量的年变化在0.3～3.0cm之间,高原其它地区大气总水汽量的年变化在0.2～2.0cm之间;青藏高原东南部河谷的导流作用非常显著,是暖湿气流进入青藏高原内部地区的重要途径;地理纬度和海拔高度决定了青藏高原地区南湿北干的大气水汽分布特征,而大气环流变化则是造成青藏高原及周边地区大气水汽分布季节变化的主要原因。
应用地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥测大气水汽总量,是获得测站周围水汽三维空间分布信息(水汽层析)的基础.本文介绍了地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥感大气水汽总量的原理和方法;首先用湿梯度、后处理残差联合计算接收机上空不同方位上大气水汽各向异性成分,在此基础上重构倾斜路径水汽总量.为验证GPS观测结果精度,用微波辐射计(WVR)与GPS一起进行了联合观测,不同观测地点和时间的对比结果表明,二者root mean square(RMS)误差小于4mm,证明应用此种方法地基GPS可较精确地反演出倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量,而且这种反演方法适合于近实时大气遥感探测.地基GPS测量具有全天候可连续观测等优点,可以弥补常规观测的不足,为气候研究提供高精度且连续的水汽数据资料;组网观测可以为数值天气预报提供好的初始场,提高模式预报精度.
