The essential requirements for evaluating the sustainable development of a system and the thermodynamic framework of the energy conservation mechanism in the waste-removal process are proposed.A thermodynamic method of analysis based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics is suggested as a means to analyze the theoretical energy consumption for the removal of organic contaminants by physical methods.Moreover,the theoretical energy consumption for the removal by physical methods of different kinds of representative organic contaminants with different initial concentrations and amounts is investigated at 298.15 K and 1.01325 × 105 Pa.The results show that the waste treatment process has a high energy consumption and that the theoretical energy consumption for the removal of organic contaminants increases with the decrease of their initial concentrations in aqueous solutions.The theoretical energy consumption for the removal of different organic contaminants varies dramatically.Furthermore,the theoretical energy consumption increases greatly with the increase in the amount to be removed.
Ji, Yuan Hui Lu, Xiao Hua Yang, Zhu Hong Feng, Xin
Interfacial transfer plays an important role in multi-phase chemical processes. However, it is difficult to describe the complex interfacial transport behavior by the traditional mass transfer model. In this paper, we describe an interfacial mass transfer model based on linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics for the analysis of the rate of interfacial transport. The interfacial transfer process rate J depends on the interface mass transfer coefficient K, interfacial area A and chemical potential gradient at the interface. Potassium compounds were selected as model systems. A model based on linear non-equilibrium thermo-dynamics was established in order to describe and predict the transport rate at the solid-solution interface. Together with accurate experimental kinetic data for potassium ions obtained using ion-selective electrodes, a general model which can be used to describe the dissolution rate was established and used to analyze ways of improving the process rate.
The formation mechanism of K2Ti2O5 was investigated with Ti O2 microparticles and nanoparticles as precursors by the thermogravimetric(TG) technique. A method of direct multivariate non-linear regression was applied for simultaneous calculation of solid-state reaction kinetic parameters from TG curves. TG results show more regular decrease from initial reaction temperature with Ti O2 nanoparticles as raw material compared with Ti O2 microparticles, while mass losses finish at similar temperatures under the experimental conditions. From the mechanism and kinetic parameters, the reactions with the two materials are complex consecutive processes, and reaction rate constants increase with temperature and decrease with conversion. The reaction proceedings could be significantly hindered when the diffusion process of reactant species becomes rate-limiting in the later stage of reaction process. The reaction active sites on initial Ti O2 particles and formation of product layers may be responsible to the changes of reaction rate constant. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental ones.
